Traditional medicine is based on the knowledge, skills, and practices developed from local experiences and beliefs in different countries. The aim of these practices is to prevent, diagnose, and treat various physical and mental illnesses.
For thousands of years, humans have used plants, their different parts, and even certain animal organs to treat diseases. Even today, in many parts of the world, 70 to 90 percent of people still rely on traditional medicine.
In some areas across different continents, this form of medicine is supported by scientific research, and several universities have been established to study its various aspects. In this article, we will explore traditional medicine’s meaning and some of the most common traditional medicine practices, including herbal remedies, cupping therapy, and acupuncture.
What Is Traditional Medicine?
Traditional Medicine History
The need for healing and the human desire for longevity have made medicine, both medical practice and pharmacy, one of the oldest sciences in human history. From ancient times, when writing and books did not exist, knowledge was transmitted orally.
In those days, people would lay sick people on the side of the main roads and ask passersby for advice on how to cure their illnesses. Each traveler would share their own experiences and remedies before continuing on their way.
Over time, some people developed a deep interest in collecting, researching, and expanding this knowledge, which led to the early foundations of medical science. The Chinese and Japanese believe their medical traditions date back thousands of years before the birth of Christ.
In India, medicine has an ancient history, though it was often mixed with mystical chants and rituals. Similarly, traditional medicine has existed for thousands of years in Iran, Egypt, India, Japan, China, and many other regions, though some of its knowledge has been scattered or lost over time.
Prominent figures such as Hippocrates and Galen in Greece, Hunayn ibn Ishaq in Iraq and Iran (who translated Greek medical texts), and Persian scholars like Muhammad Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) and Avicenna played key roles in shaping traditional medicine. However, in the 16th century, the Swiss physician Paracelsus rejected the works of Galen and Avicenna, symbolically burning their books and marking the beginning of modern medicine in Europe.
Traditional Medicine Definition
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medicine refers to the knowledge, skills, and practices rooted in the theories, beliefs, and experiences of different cultures. These practices are used to maintain health, prevent illness, and diagnose, treat, and heal both physical and mental conditions.
For thousands of years, people have relied on plants and animal-derived substances to address health issues. Even today, in regions such as Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, about 70% to 90% of the population still turns to traditional remedies as their primary form of treatment.
Traditional Medicine Definition
In some areas, traditional medicine is backed by extensive research and scientific documentation, while in others, its knowledge has gradually faded, surviving only through oral traditions. Since a third of the world’s population lacks access to modern medicine, providing safe and reliable traditional treatments can help improve healthcare accessibility. As a result, many communities are now revisiting and reviving their ancestral healing practices.
Traditional Medicine Around the World
Traditional medicine has been practiced across different cultures for centuries, each with unique methods based on local beliefs, natural resources, and healing philosophies. Below are some of the most well-known traditional medicine systems from different countries:
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is one of the oldest healing systems, dating back at least 2,200 years. It focuses on restoring the body’s vital life force (Qi) and maintaining balance through natural treatments.
TCM is based on observations of nature, the body’s cycles, and holistic healing methods. One of its key practices is herbal medicine, where specific formulas are prepared according to the individual’s condition. Other essential techniques include acupuncture, cupping therapy, Tai Chi, and dietary therapy.
Traditional African Medicine
African traditional medicine is a comprehensive healthcare system deeply connected to the spiritual and cultural beliefs of the continent. It is categorized into three main areas:
- Divinity-based healing (prayers and rituals)
- Spiritual healing (communicating with ancestors and spirits)
- Herbal medicine (using plants for treatment)
This system provides medical care by integrating community knowledge, rituals, and plant-based remedies. African herbalists use natural elements like roots, bark, and leaves to treat illnesses and maintain well-being.
Chinese Traditional Medicine
Traditional American Medicine
In the 17th and 18th centuries, American traditional medicine was largely influenced by Native American healing practices. Indigenous tribes used herbs and natural remedies to treat conditions such as malaria, digestive disorders, and wounds. Many of their herbal medicines, such as willow bark (a natural pain reliever) and echinacea (used for immune support), later became essential ingredients in modern pharmaceuticals.
Traditional Iranian Medicine
Iranian traditional medicine, deeply rooted in ancient Persian civilization, dates back thousands of years and has been influenced by great scholars like Avicenna (Ibn Sina).
It is based on the four humors theory (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) and aims to maintain balance within the body. Key treatments include:
- Herbal medicine: Using plants like saffron, thyme, and chamomile
- Cupping therapy: A method to remove impurities from the blood
- Leech therapy: To improve circulation and remove toxins
- Massage therapy: To stimulate blood flow and nerve function
Iranian medicine also emphasizes dietary recommendations, encouraging people to eat according to their body temperament (Mizaj).
Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda)
Ayurveda, meaning “science of life,” is the ancient medical system of India, dating back over 5,000 years. It focuses on balancing the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) to maintain health. Key practices include:
- Herbal treatments using turmeric, ashwagandha, and neem
- Yoga and meditation to improve mental and physical well-being
- Detoxification techniques like oil pulling and Panchakarma
Ayurveda is still widely practiced today and has influenced modern holistic medicine.
Traditional Indian Medicine
Traditional Japanese Medicine (Kampo)
Kampo, the traditional medicine of Japan, is deeply rooted in Chinese medicine but has evolved into a distinct system. It primarily uses herbal formulas to treat various ailments. Japanese medicine also integrates:
- Shiatsu massage (pressure therapy)
- Moxibustion (burning medicinal herbs near the skin)
- Dietary therapy to promote digestion and longevity
Kampo treatments are officially recognized in Japan and are often prescribed alongside modern medical treatments.
Traditional Medicine vs Modern Medicine
Traditional medicine and modern medicine are two distinct healthcare systems that diagnose and treat diseases using different approaches, principles, and methods. Each has its own advantages and limitations, and in some cases, they may be combined to provide the best outcomes for patients. Key Differences Between Traditional and Modern Medicine:
Historical Approach
Traditional medicine is based on knowledge and experience passed down through generations, evolving over time in a unique way. In contrast, modern medicine relies on scientific research, modern technology, and organized knowledge.
Source of Knowledge
Traditional medicine draws from natural remedies such as herbal medicine, nutrition, massage therapy, and non-invasive techniques. Modern medicine, however, is based on laboratory research, clinical trials, medical technology, and pharmaceutical drugs rather than natural sources.
Diagnosis Methods
In traditional medicine, diagnosis is often holistic, considering symptoms, body language, pulse analysis, tongue examination, and overall organ function. Modern medicine, on the other hand, relies on advanced medical tools, diagnostic tests, and imaging technologies for precise disease identification.
Modern Medicine
Treatment Methods
Traditional treatments include herbal remedies, dietary guidance, lifestyle changes, acupuncture, massage, and complementary therapies. Modern medicine focuses on pharmaceutical drugs, surgery, medical imaging, and technological interventions.
Perspective on Disease
Traditional medicine views illness as a systemic imbalance, aiming to restore harmony and overall health. Modern medicine, however, often focuses on treating specific affected areas of the body rather than addressing the body as a whole.
Traditional Medicine Examples
Traditional medicine includes a variety of healing methods that have been practiced for centuries. These treatments are based on natural remedies, manual techniques, and holistic approaches to restore balance in the body. Below are some common traditional medicine practices:
Leech Therapy
Leech therapy involves using medicinal leeches to improve blood circulation in areas where veins are damaged or blocked. The saliva of leeches contains anticoagulant properties that help open blood vessels, increase blood flow, and prevent clotting. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) mentioned different types of leeches in his famous book The Canon of Medicine. Leech therapy is used in:
- Post-surgical treatments, especially for reattached body parts
- Glaucoma (eye disease) caused by vascular disorders
- Pain relief and reducing inflammation in joints and bones
Bloodletting
Bloodletting
Bloodletting, or phlebotomy, is the process of removing blood from veins to treat certain diseases. Many traditional physicians believe that an imbalance of bodily fluids (humors) due to overeating and lack of physical activity can be corrected through this method. It is believed to detoxify the body and restore balance.
Massage and Nerve Stimulation
This practice includes:
- Delk: A therapeutic massage technique
- Ghamz: A deep tissue technique that stimulates nerves and pressure points
These methods are known to:
- Improve blood circulation and lymphatic drainage
- Help remove blockages in arteries
- Stimulate nerve function and relieve sciatica pain
- Prevent muscle stiffness and weakness
- Balance the body’s natural temperament
Megan Bed Therapy
The Megan Bed is a modern adaptation of traditional Eastern and Western medicine. It combines helium gas lamps, jade stone massage, infrared rays, acupressure, and heat therapy to stimulate acupuncture points. This therapy is used for:
- Improving muscle flexibility and blood circulation
- Reducing pain and stiffness
- Helping with arthritis and fibromyalgia
- Enhancing brain function and memory
Ear Candling
Ear candling is a technique where a hollow, lit candle is placed in the ear to remove toxins, wax buildup, and impurities. This method has been used across Asia, Europe, and North America for centuries. While some practitioners support its benefits, there is ongoing debate among specialists about its effectiveness.
Ear Candling
Navel Realignment Therapy
Navel displacement occurs due to lifting heavy objects, muscle spasms, or stress. This condition can cause imbalance in the body, digestive issues, and muscle pain. Emotional stress and sudden shocks may also contribute to this problem. Traditional healers use manual techniques to realign the navel and restore physical balance.
Final Word
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% to 80% of global healthcare practices involve traditional medicine, often referred to as complementary and alternative medicine. Today, traditional medicine has become an essential part of health management. It encompasses a wide range of treatments and healing practices, which vary from culture to culture and country to country. Among the most common methods are herbal remedies, cupping therapy, and acupuncture. Now, an important question arises: Where is traditional medicine headed? And how should it evolve to reach its full potential?
